Tilt of > 0,2° at wind speed of 50-60 km/h leads to critical tilt values at gale winds

Three studies compared the wind load estimated from dynamic measurements of root plate tilt in storms to the results of a standard pulling test software. For most trees, both estimates were in close agreement.

The presence of Heterobasidion spp. had a significant negative effect on the bending moment at primary and secondary failure of the tested trees irrespectively of soil type.

The reduced stability also suggests that bark-stripped trees can act as the weak spots decreasing the collective stability of stands in the long term, thus increasing the susceptibility to storms.

Partially uprooted trees may re-establish stability over time, but some will not and may fail.

A wind-tilt-curve can be used to assess the anchorage of urban trees.

Tilt of > 0,2° at wind speed of 50-60 km/h leads to critical tilt values at gale winds.

In spruce, the effect of slenderness on maximum bending moments is negligible.